Association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio in Chinese male gout patients.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and serum uric acid to serum creatinine (SUA/SCr) ratio in male gout patients at different BMIs. This real-world study included 956 male gout patients aged 18-83 years. We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of Chinese male gout patients from 2017 to 2019. The correlation between LDL-C and SUA/SCr was tested after adjusting for confounding factors. We found a nonlinear relationship between LDL-C and SUA/SCr in the whole study population. Stratification analysis showed that there was actually a nonlinear relationship between LDL-C and SUA/SCr in men with a BMI of 24-28, the inflection point of LDL-C was 1.8 mmol/L, when LDL-C was greater than 1.8 mmol/L, there was a positive correlation between LDL-C levels and SUA/SCr (ß = 0.67, 95% CI 0.35-0.98, P < 0.001). Moreover, LDL-C showed a significant positive correlation with SUA/SCr with a BMI of 28 or greater (ß = 0.30, 95% CI 0.05-0.55, P = 0.019). However, no association was found between LDL-C and SUA/SCr with a BMI of less than 24 (ß = 0.42, 95% CI - 0.03-0.86, P = 0.070). LDL-C levels were associated with SUA/SCr in Chinese male gout patients, but this correlation appeared inconsistent among different BMIs. Our findings suggest that LDL-C levels may be more noteworthy in overweight and/or obese male gout patients.

Tophi and carotid atherosclerosis in gout patients: Role of insulin resistance.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gout and cardiovascular disease are closely related, but the mechanism linking them is still unknown. Gout may affect the insulin signaling pathway inducing insulin resistance (IR). The study aims to evaluate the association between tophi and carotid atherosclerosis, considering the potential role of IR. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 595 patients with gout aged 18 to 80 were enrolled in this study. Carotid intima-media thickness, plaques and tophi were evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography. IR was assessed by the HOMA index (hepatic IR) and Gutt index (peripheral IR). Multivariable logistic regression and interaction analysis were used to examine the association between tophi and IR and its impact on carotid atherosclerosis. Among these participants, the average age was 55.4 (±12.54) years, and 94.6 % were male. Tophi were associated with increased odds of carotid atherosclerosis and burden after adjustment for confounders (P < 0.05). Tophi and IR synergically interacted for inducing carotid atherosclerosis. The interaction between peripheral IR with tophi was more pronounced than hepatic IR with tophi. CONCLUSIONS: Tophi were independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis risk. IR mediated a significant amount of the effect of tophi on the development of carotid atherosclerosis. Peripheral IR probably plays a more important role than hepatic IR does.

The role of C-peptide in diabetes and its complications: an updated review.

Worldwide, diabetes and its complications have seriously affected people's quality of life and become a serious public health problem. C-peptide is not only an indicator of pancreatic ß-cell function, but also a biologically active peptide that can bind to cell membrane surface signaling molecules and activate downstream signaling pathways to play antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and inflammatory roles, or regulate cellular transcription through internalization. It is complex how C-peptide is related to diabetic complications. Both deficiencies and overproduction can lead to complications, but their mechanisms of action may be different. C-peptide replacement therapy has shown beneficial effects on diabetic complications in animal models when C-peptide is deficient, but results from clinical trials have been unsatisfactory. The complex pattern of the relationship between C-peptide and diabetic chronic complications has not yet been fully understood. Future basic and clinical studies of C-peptide replacement therapies will need to focus on baseline levels of C-peptide in addition to more attention also needs to be paid to post-treatment C-peptide levels to explore the optimal range of fasting C-peptide and postprandial C-peptide maintenance.

Sinensetin ameliorates high glucose-induced diabetic nephropathy via enhancing autophagy in vitro and in vivo.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects around 40% of people with diabetes, the final outcome of which is end-stage renal disease. The deficiency of autophagy and excessive oxidative stress have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of DN. Sinensetin (SIN) has been proven to have strong antioxidant capability. However, the effect of SIN on DN has not been studied. We examined the effect of SIN on cell viability and autophagy in the podocyte cell line, MPC5 cells, treated with high glucose (HG). For in vivo studies, DN mice models were established by intraperitoneal injected with streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days and fed with a 60% high-fat diet, and SIN was given (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) for 8 weeks via intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that SIN could protect MPC5 cells against HG-induced damage and significantly improve the renal function of DN mice. Moreover, SIN remarkably restored the autophagy activity of MPC5 cells which was inhibited under HG conditions. Consistent with this, SIN efficiently improved autophagy in the kidney tissue of DN mice. In brief, our findings demonstrated the protective effect of SIN on DN via restoring the autophagic function, which might provide a basis for drug development.

Obesity is associated with impaired postprandial pancreatic polypeptide secretion.

Objective: This study aims to compare the levels of serum pancreatic polypeptide (PP), insulin (INS), C-peptide (C-P), and glucagon (GCG) before and after glucose stimulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with different body mass indexes (BMI), analyze the relevant factors associated with PP secretion, and further investigate the role of PP in the development of obesity and diabetes. Methods: Data were collected from 83 patients from the hospital. The subjects were divided into normal-weight group, overweight group, and obese group according to their BMI. All subjects were tested with the standard bread meal test (SBMT). PP and relevant parameters were measured, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated after 120 min of SBMT. AUCpp (AUC of PP) was used as the dependent variable, and the potential influencing factors were used as independent variables for multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The obese and overweight groups had significantly lower PP secretion than the normal-weight group (485.95 pg·h/ml, 95% CI 76.16-895.74, p = 0.021; 664.61 pg·h/ml, 95% CI 285.46-1043.77, p = 0.001) at 60 min postprandial. PP secretion in the obese and overweight groups was also significantly lower than that in the normal-weight group (520.07 pg·h/ml, 95% CI 186.58-853.56, p = 0.003; 467.62 pg·h/ml, 95% CI 159.06-776.18, p = 0.003) at 120 min postprandial. AUCpp was negatively associated with BMI (r = -0.260, p = 0.017) and positively associated with AUCGCG (r = 0.501, p< 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was a linear correlation between AUCGCG, BMI, and AUCpp (p< 0.001, p = 0.008). The regression equation was calculated as follows: AUCpp = 1772.255-39.65 × BMI + 0.957 × AUCGCG (R2 = 54.1%, p< 0.001). Conclusion: Compared with normal-weight subjects, overweight and obese subjects had impaired PP secretion after glucose stimulation. In T2DM patients, PP secretion was mainly affected by BMI and GCG. Clinical trial registry: The Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. Clinical trial registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2100047486.

Renoprotective Effect of Isoorientin in Diabetic Nephropathy via Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting the PI3K-AKT-TSC2-mTOR Pathway.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and the most common cause of death. The autophagy of podocytes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DN. Here, through screening the constituent compounds of practical and useful Chinese herbal formulas, we identified that isoorientin (ISO) strongly promoted the autophagy of podocytes and could effectively protect podocytes from high glucose (HG)-induced injury. ISO significantly improved autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria under HG conditions. Through a proteomics-based approach, we identified that ISO could reverse the excessive phosphorylation of TSC2 S939 under HG conditions and stimulate autophagy through inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-TSC2-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, ISO was predicted to bind to the SH2 domain of PI3Kp85[Formula: see text], which is crucial for the recruitment and activation of PI3K. The protective effect of ISO and its effects on autophagy and particularly on mitophagy were further proved using a DN mice model. To summarize, our study identified the protective effects of ISO against DN and demonstrated that ISO was a strong activator of autophagy, which could provide a basis for drug development.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the adipose tissue and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 are involved in tacrolimus-induced diabetes mellitus.

Tacrolimus is an independent risk factor for new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). This study aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying tacrolimus-induced NODAT. About 80 kidney-transplant patients receiving tacrolimus were divided into NODAT and non-NODAT groups after 1 year. Binary logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for NODAT. Insulin resistance indices were estimated using the homeostasis model assessment. The blood levels of 13 adipocytokines were measured 1 week after transplantation. A tacrolimus-induced diabetes mouse model was used to reveal the underlying mechanisms. The cumulative NODAT incidence was 12.7% at 1 year (median, 6 months; range, 3-12 months). Tacrolimus trough levels ≥10 ng/mL during the first 3 months (odds ratio: 2.54, p = .012) were related to NODAT. Insulin resistance indices were higher in NODAT patients than in non-NODAT patients at 3, 6, and 12 months. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was overexpressed in blood in NODAT patients. In the animal experiments, postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels, insulin pathway protein levels in adipose tissue, MCP-1 expression in blood and adipose tissue, and number of macrophages in adipose tissue were markedly higher in tacrolimus-treated mice than in control mice, and these increases were dose-dependent. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins in adipose tissue was increased in a tacrolimus dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, tacrolimus-induced insulin resistance. Tacrolimus trough levels ≥10 ng/mL during the first 3 postoperative months were an independent risk factor for NODAT. ER stress and MCP-1 underlie tacrolimus-induced diabetes.

The risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in gout patients with frequent flares: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic disease that is related to high serum uric acid; however, the association between the frequency of gout flares and NAFLD risk remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether frequent gout flares were associated with incident NAFLD and analyze the interaction of frequency of gout flares and Adipo-IR on NAFLD in the gout Chinese population. METHODS: A total of 350 cases of gout patients were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to determine the association between frequent gout flares and NAFLD during follow-up and analyze the interaction of frequency of gout flares and Adipo-IR on NAFLD. Receiver operating curves (ROC) were plotted to explore the diagnostic value of frequent gout flares and Adipo-IR on the occurrence of NAFLD. RESULTS: NAFLD developed in 78 participants (22.3%) during follow-up. Logistic regression showed that Adipo-IR was an independent factor associated with frequent gout flares risk. The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that frequent gout flares and Adipo-IR were associated with NAFLD risk (HR: 7.88, 95% CI: 2.11-29.48, p < 0.01; HR: 1.058, 95% CI: 1.01-1.2, p < 0.05). And ROC showed that both of them had a great discriminant ability to diagnose NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed an independent association between the frequency of gout flares or Adipo-IR and incident NAFLD. Frequent gout flares and elevated Adipo-IR had a good predictive capability towards NAFLD development and played a synergistic role in the development of NAFLD. KEY POINTS: • Frequent gout flares and elevated Adipo-IR had a good diagnostic capability towards NAFLD development. • Frequent gout flares and Adipo-IR played a synergistic role in the development of NAFLD.

hUCMSCs carrying exenatide prevent T1DM by improving intestinal microflora composition and islet tissue damage repair.

BACKGROUND: Exenatide is a stable analogue of glucagon-like peptide 1 that can reduce postprandial hyperglycemia and has been utilized as adjunctive therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The human umbilical cord is a rich source of MSCs, and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) also show potential to enhance insulin secretion. Here, we aimed to explore the effects of hUCMSCs carrying exenatide in T1DM and further identify the possible mechanisms involved. METHODS: hUCMSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord tissues, identified, and transduced with recombinant lentivirus carrying exenatide to obtain exenatide-carrying hUCMSCs (hUCMSCs@Ex-4). RESULTS: The results showed that hUCMSCs@Ex-4 restored the blood glucose levels and body weight of NOD mice, and repressed immune cell infiltration and islet tissue changes. Additionally, in T1DM mice, treatment with hUCMSCs@Ex-4 reduced the blood glucose levels and promoted repair of islet tissue damage. Moreover, hUCMSCs@Ex-4 attenuated renal tissue lesions in T1DM mice. Applying bioinformatic analysis, the effects of hUCMSCs@Ex-4 were suggested to correlate with decreased abundance of pro-inflammatory intestinal bacteria and increased abundance of anti-inflammatory intestinal bacteria. CONCLUSION: Overall, the study indicated that hUCMSCs carrying exenatide might improve beneficial intestinal microflora abundance and promote islet tissue damage repair, thereby alleviating T1DM.

Establishment and validation of a clinical model for predicting diabetic ketosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Diabetic ketosis (DK) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization among patients with diabetes. Failure to recognize DK symptoms may lead to complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, severe neurological morbidity, and death. Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate a model to predict DK in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on both clinical and biochemical characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by evaluating the records of 3,126 patients with T2DM, with or without DK, at The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2015 to May 2022. The patients were divided randomly into the model development (70%) or validation (30%) cohorts. A risk prediction model was constructed using a stepwise logistic regression analysis to assess the risk of DK in the model development cohort. This model was then validated using a second cohort of patients. Results: The stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for DK in patients with T2DM were the 2-h postprandial C-peptide (2hCP) level, age, free fatty acids (FFA), and HbA1c. Based on these factors, we constructed a risk prediction model. The final risk prediction model was L= (0.472a - 0.202b - 0.078c + 0.005d - 4.299), where a = HbA1c level, b = 2hCP, c = age, and d = FFA. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.917 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.899-0.934; p<0.001). The discriminatory ability of the model was equivalent in the validation cohort (AUC, 0.922; 95% CI, 0.898-0.946; p<0.001). Conclusion: This study identified independent risk factors for DK in patients with T2DM and constructed a prediction model based on these factors. The present findings provide an easy-to-use, easily interpretable, and accessible clinical tool for predicting DK in patients with T2DM.

The role of mitochondrial fission factor in podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most important complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) and has become the second cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This study intends to investigate the molecular mechanism of increased mitochondrial fission in podocytes under the effect of high glucose (HG), and to preliminarily study the role of mitochondrial fission factor (MFF)-mediated mitochondrial fission in podocyte injury of DN. In vitro studies, we found that HG induced increased mitochondrial fission and podocyte damage. At the same time MFF mRNA and protein levels was increased, suggesting that MFF was transcriptional upregulated under HG conditions. Consistent with this, in vivo studies found that mitochondrial fission was also significantly increased in podocytes of diabetic nephropathy mice, and MFF expression was up-regulated. Therefore, our study proves that mitochondrial fission increases in podocytes under DM both in vitro and in vivo, and the up-regulation of MFF expression may be one of the reasons for the increase of mitochondrial fission. After inhibiting the expression of MFF, the survival rate of podocytes was significantly decreased under HG conditions, suggesting that MFF may play a protective role in podocyte injury in DN.

The Role of Slit-2 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcome.

Background: Slit guidance ligand 2 (Slit-2), as a member of the Slit family, can regulate the inflammatory response and glucose metabolism. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression of Slit-2 in maternal peripheral blood and neonatal cord blood of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients and its potential importance in disease progression. Methods: This study included 57 healthy pregnant women and 61 GDM patients. The levels of Slit-2, C-reactive protein (CRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-peptide (C-P), galectin-3(Gal-3), HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS) in maternal peripheral blood and neonatal cord blood were detected by ELISA. Spearman's rank correlation test was used to assess the association between peripheral Slit-2 and inflammatory indicators, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of GDM. Results: Slit-2 levels in maternal peripheral blood and neonatal cord blood of the GDM patients were higher than those of the HC. Slit-2 levels in maternal peripheral blood and neonatal cord blood of the GDM patients were positively correlated with inflammatory factors CRP and MCP-1 levels. The level of Slit-2 in the maternal peripheral blood of the GDM patients was positively correlated with the level of homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HbA1c in maternal peripheral blood, but was negatively correlated with the level of homeostasis model assessment -ß (HOMA-ß). We also found that the Slit-2 level in the maternal peripheral blood of the GDM patients was negatively correlated with neonatal blood glucose, positively correlated with neonatal weight and independent of neonatal total bilirubin. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the abnormal increase in Slit-2 in GDM may be related to its pathogenesis, and it was correlated with neonatal blood glucose and weight in patients with GDM, suggesting that Slit-2 may be a potential biomarker of GDM.

The Negative Association Between NAFLD Severity and CKD in a Non-Diabetic Gouty Population.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) share common pathogenic mechanisms and risk factors. We aim to evaluate the association between NAFLD and CKD in a non-diabetic gouty population. The retrospective cross sectional study was performed on 1049 non-diabetic gouty participants, who were hospitalized between 2014 and 2020, across 4 districts in Shandong, China. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population were collected. The odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) about the NAFLD severity determined by ultrasonography were obtained by multiple logistic regression analysis. An unexpectedly inverse relationship was found between NAFLD severity and the risk of CKD in people with gout. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a higher degree of NAFLD severity is independently associated with a lower risk of CKD in people with gout, after adjusted for age, sex, smoking, gout duration, and metabolic risk factors including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and dyslipidemia, with OR 0.392 (95% CI 0.248-0.619, p<0.001), 0.379 (95% CI 0.233-0.616, p<0.001) and 0.148 (95% CI 0.043-0.512, p=0.003) in participants with mild, moderate, and severe NAFLD, respectively, compared to those without NAFLD. We also observed a weakened association of serum uric acid (SUA) with metabolic risk factors and NAFLD under circumstances of CKD in people with gout (r=-0.054, p=0.466). In conclusion, the presence and severity of NAFLD were negatively associated with the risk of CKD in the non-diabetic gouty population.

Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with enhanced postprandial pancreatic polypeptide secretion.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to compare serum pancreatic polypeptide (PP), insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon in different glucose tolerance stages; analyze the influencing factors of PP secretion; and further explore the role of PP in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Data were collected from 100 subjects from hospital. According to the results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), the subjects were divided into a normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group, an impaired glucose regulation (IGR) group, and a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) group. PP and the related parameters were measured, and the area under the curve (AUC) 120 min after OGTT was calculated. AUCpp (AUC of PP) was used as the dependent variable and the potentially influencing factors were used as the independent variable for multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Postprandial 60 min PP in the IGR group was higher than those in the NGT group (2973.80 [±547.49] pg·h/mL vs 2663.55 [±594.89] pg·h/mL, p < 0.05). AUCpp was significantly higher in the IGR group (428.76 pg·h/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] [41.06 -816.46], p = 0.031) and newly diagnosed T2DM group (404.35 pg·h/mL, 95% CI [5.37-803.33], p = 0.047) than in the NGT group. AUCpp was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.235, p = 0.038) and positively correlated with postprandial 60 min blood glucose (r = 0.370, p = 0.001) and AUCbg (AUC of blood glucose) (r = 0.323, p = 0.007). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that there was a linear correlation between BMI, AUCbg , and AUCpp (p = 0.004, p = 0.001), and the regression equation was calculated as: AUCpp  = 6592.272 + 86.275 × AUCbg -95.291 × BMI (R2  = 12.7%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with NGT subjects, IGR and T2DM patients have an enhanced postprandial PP secretion. In T2DMs, the secretion of PP is mainly affected by BMI and blood glucose.

Resveratrol Enhances Wound Healing in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by Promoting the Expression of Extracellular Vesicle-Carried MicroRNA-129 Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Recent studies have shown the promotive effect of resveratrol on wound healing. This study aims to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of resveratrol in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) through microRNA (miR)-129-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) based on in silico analysis. The rat model of T1DM was established by intraperitoneal injection of sodium citrate containing streptozotocin, and the wound was made around the deep fascia. Rat MSCs were isolated and treated with resveratrol (SRT501), and the corresponding EVs (SRT501-EVs) were isolated, where the expression of miR-129 was determined. By performing function experiments, the effect of SRT501-EVs and miR-129 on the biological functions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was determined. Finally, the binding relationship between miR-129 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was also determined by the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. miR-129 was shown as a candidate related to both resveratrol and wound healing in T1DM. SRT501-EVs promoted the skin wound healing of T1DM rats and also further improved the proliferative, migratory, and tube formation potentials of HUVECs. Resveratrol inhibited the expression of TRAF6 in HUVECs stimulated by MSC-conditioned medium and promoted the transfer of miR-129 via EVs, while TRAF6 was confirmed as a target gene of miR-129. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-129 attenuated the proangiogenic effect of resveratrol on HUVECs. Resveratrol exerts promotive role in wound healing in T1DM through downregulation of TRAF6 via MSC-EV-carried miR-129, suggesting a regulatory network involved in the wound healing process in T1DM.

MiR-223-3p and miR-22-3p inhibit monosodium urate-induced gouty inflammation by targeting NLRP3.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play a crucial role in inflammation regulation; however, their relationship with inflammation in acute gouty arthritis has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we conducted a study to explore the regulatory roles of miR-223-3p and miR-22-3p in gouty-associated inflammation. METHODS: In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to examine the molecular mechanisms of miRNA regulation in gouty inflammation. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the direct target of miR-223-3p and miR-22-3p. RESULTS: We found that miR-223-3p and miR-22-3p interacted with the 3' untranslated region segment of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat [NLR] and pyrin domain containing receptor 3) and inhibited its expression. A decreased expression of miR-223-3p and miR-22-3p was observed in both mice air pouch synovium and phorbol myristrate acetate-treated THP-1 cells stimulated with monosodium urate (P < .05). Compared with the negative control group, NLRP3 expression at the transcript and protein level in miR-223-3p and miR-22-3p overexpression group significantly decreased after 6 hours of monosodium urate treatment in vivo and in vitro (P < .05). The results of the dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-223-3p and miR-22-3p directly targeted NLRP3. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study show that miR-223-3p and miR-22-3p can reduce the inflammatory effects of gout by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3.

Obesity and diabetes as high-risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19).

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has become an evolving worldwide health crisis. With the rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes has come an increasing awareness of their impacts on infectious diseases, including increased risk for various infections, post-infection complications and mortality from critical infections. Although epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Covid-19 have been constantly reported, no article has systematically illustrated the role of obesity and diabetes in Covid-19, or how Covid-19 affects obesity and diabetes, or special treatment in these at-risk populations. Here, we present a synthesis of the recent advances in our understanding of the relationships between obesity, diabetes and Covid-19 along with the underlying mechanisms, and provide special treatment guidance for these at-risk populations.

The effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with sodium selenite on Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Recent research found that sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) could ameliorate oxidative damage in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Additionally, the effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) in an animal model of HT were also reported. However, the effects of AMSCs combined with Na2SeO3 on HT are unknown. We investigated the combined effects of AMSCs and Na2SeO3 in a rat model of HT and the in vitro effect of Na2SeO3 on AMSCs using gene microarray analyses. In the HT rat model, the combination of AMSCs and Na2SeO3 restored thyroid tissue structure to that of normal controls and increased the levels of most antioxidant and inflammatory cytokines examined, but decreased the levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in HT thyroid tissues. At 0.5-20 µM, Na2SeO3 promoted AMSC growth and increased the levels of reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity in AMSCs (P<0.05). Na2SeO3 increased the levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), and stem cell factor (SCF) in AMSC culture supernatants. The results of the gene microarray analyses showed that the expression levels of certain genes involved in mitosis, DNA replication and repair, ubiquitination, synthesis and metabolism, and mitochondrial transport changed in response to Na2SeO3 treatment. In conclusion, the combination of AMSCs and Na2SeO3 restored the function and structure of the thyroid in an HT model, and Na2SeO3 promoted the growth, improved the secretion, and the antioxidant capacity of AMSCs in vitro. This combination treatment may provide a new therapy for patients with HT.

Mitochondrial DNA: A New Predictor of Diabetic Kidney Disease.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common cause of end-stage renal disease, and diagnosis and treatment in time can help delay its progress. At present, there are more and more studies on the pathogenesis of DKD; mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in DKD. The occurrence and development of DKD is closely related to epigenetic changes and the interaction between mtDNA, ROS, inflammatory factors, and endothelial damage, which continuously aggravates kidney. The change of mtDNA is both the cause of DKD and the result of DKD. It is of great significance to incorporate the change of mtDNA into the monitoring of patients with diabetes. Existing evidence indicates that changes in mtDNA copy number in blood and urine reflect mitochondrial dysfunction and the severity of DKD. However, large-scale, long-term follow-up clinical trials are still needed to determine the threshold range. By the time, mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants will become a new method for the treatment of DKD and other diabetic complications; mtDNA also can be a therapeutic target for them.

Comorbidities and the risk of severe or fatal outcomes associated with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Existing findings regarding the relationship between comorbidities and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are inconsistent and insufficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between different comorbidities and the severity of COVID-19. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify studies reporting the rates of comorbidities in COVID-19 patients with severe/fatal outcomes. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to disease severity and the country of residence. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using random-effects models. RESULTS: A total of 34 eligible studies were identified. In patients with severe/fatal COVID-19, the most prevalent chronic comorbidities were obesity (42%, 95% CI 34-49%) and hypertension (40%, 95% CI 35-45%), followed by diabetes (17%, 95% CI 15-20%), cardiovascular disease (13%, 95% CI 11-15%), respiratory disease (8%, 95% CI 6-10%), cerebrovascular disease (6%, 95% CI 4-8%), malignancy (4%, 95% CI 3-6%), kidney disease (3%, 95% CI 2-4%), and liver disease (2%, 95% CI 1-3%). In order of the prediction, the pooled ORs of the comorbidities in patients with severe or fatal COVID-19 when compared to patients with non-severe/fatal COVID-19 were as follows: chronic respiratory disease, OR 3.56 (95% CI 2.87-4.41); hypertension, OR 3.17 (95% CI 2.46-4.08); cardiovascular disease, OR 3.13 (95% CI 2.65-3.70); kidney disease, OR 3.02 (95% CI 2.23-4.08); cerebrovascular disease, OR 2.74 (95% CI 1.59-4.74); malignancy, OR 2.73 (95% CI 1.73-4.21); diabetes, OR 2.63 (95% CI 2.08-3.33); and obesity, OR 1.72 (95% CI 1.04-2.85). No correlation was observed between liver disease and COVID-19 aggravation (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.95-2.49). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic comorbidities, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, kidney disease, and malignancy are clinical risk factors for a severe or fatal outcome associated with COVID-19, with obesity being the most prevalent and respiratory disease being the most strongly predictive. Knowledge of these risk factors could help clinicians better identify and manage the high-risk populations.